About Us India - Egypt Relations

Embassy of India
Cairo

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India-Egypt Bilateral Relations

India and Egypt, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, have enjoyed a history of close contact from ancint times. Ashoka’s edicts refer to his relations with Egypt under Ptolemy-II. In modern times, Mahatma Gandhi and Saad Zaghloul shared common goals on the independence of their countries, a relationship that was to blossom into an exceptionally close friendship between President Nasser and Prime Minister Nehru, leading to a Friendship Treaty between the two countries in 1955.

Political Relations

  1. India and Egypt share close political understanding based on long history of contacts and cooperation in bilateral, regional and global issues. The joint announcement of establishment of diplomatic relations at Ambassadorial level was made on 18 August 1947. Both countries have cooperated closely in multilateral fora and were the founding members of Non-Aligned Movement. The year 2022 marked the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relation between India and Egypt.

  2. Since the 1980s till 2022, there have been four Prime Ministerial visits from India to Egypt: Shri Rajiv Gandhi (1985); Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao (1995); Shri I. K. Gujral (1997); and Dr. Manmohan Singh (2009, NAM Summit).  From the Egyptian side, President Hosni Mubarak visited India in 1982, in 1983 (NAM Summit), and again in 2008. High level exchanges with Egypt continued after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution and then President Mohamed Morsi visited India in March 2013. External Affairs Minister (EAM) visited Cairo in March 2012 and the Egyptian Foreign Minister visited India in December 2013.

  3. After the new government led by President Sisi took over in June 2014, EAM paid a visit to Cairo in August 2015. Prime Minister Narendra Modi met President Sisi on the sidelines of UNGA, New York in September 2015. President Sisi visited India for the third India-Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi in October 2015 and held meetings with President Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Modi. President Sisi also paid a State visit to India in September 2016. A Joint Statement was issued, outlining the three pillars of political-security cooperation, economic engagement & scientific collaboration and cultural & people-people ties as the basis of a new partnership for a new era. In September 2017, President Sisi met PM Modi on the sidelines of 9th BRICS Summit at Xiamen. President Sisi paid his 2nd State Visit to India in January 2023; he was invited as the Chief Guest of India’s 74th Republic Day celebrations. A Joint Statement highlighting elevation of bilateral relations to Strategic Partnership was also issued on this occasion. During the visit, 5 MoUs were also signed in the domains of cyber security, IT, culture, youth matters and broadcasting. A commemorative stamp was also issued to mark 75th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between India and Egypt. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi paid his 1st State Visit to Egypt on 24-25 June 2023; he held meetings with President Sisi, Prime Minister Madbouly and prominent members of the Egyptian Cabinet, as well as Grand Mufti of Egypt. During the visit, Strategic Partnership Agreement, as well as 3 other MoUs in the field of Agriculture, Archaeology & Antiquities and Competition Law were signed. President Sisi also conferred Prime Minister Modi with Egypt’s highest civilian honor, ‘Order of the Nile’. President Sisi also visited India to Participate in G20 Summit held in New Delhi from 9-10 September 2023. Egypt was invited as a Guest country in the ‘New Delhi G20 Summit’ and a number of Egyptian Ministers attended G20 meetings in India.

  4. Other Visits & Engagements: During 2015 to 2019, a number of Ministerial and official visits took place from India to Egypt and vice-versa. There have been exchange of visits at the level of NSA’s as well various Parliamentary delegations from 2010-2019. There were no major engagements in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In February 2021, the Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces, Minister of Defence & Military Production, General Mohamed Ahmed Zaki, participated virtually in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Defence Ministers Conclave at Bengaluru.

  5. Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari visited Egypt from 28th November to 2nd December 2021. In July 2022, Air Marshal Mohamed Abbas Helmy led a delegation to India and held meetings with our Chief of Air Staff, Chief of Army Staff and Chief of Naval Staff. Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh visited Egypt from 18-21 September 2022 and held meetings with President Sisi as well as the Minister of Defense General Mohammad Zaki and MOU on Defence Cooperation was signed. EAM Dr. S Jaishankar visited Egypt from 14-16 October 2022; he called on President Sisi and held delegation-level talks with FM Shoukry and discussed growing cooperation in various fields. Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change Shri Bhupendra Yadav also visited Egypt, for CoP-27 from 6th-20th November 2022. Egypt’s Minister of Communication and Information Technology Amr Talat visited India from 8-12 January 2023 and held meetings with Indian Ministers, business community etc. to strengthen technological cooperation between India and Egypt and attract Indian investments. Prominent visites under G20 included that of Minister of Finance Mohamed Maait (24-25 Feb 2023) and Minister of Foreign Affairs Shoukry (on 01-03 March 2023) also visited India. Grand Mufti of Egypt Dr. Shawki Allam Allam visited India under ICCR’s Distinguished Visitors Program from 1-5 May 2023; he praised India “for providing equal rights to all faiths.” Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army General Manoj Pande visited Egypt from 15-18 May 2023 and held discussions with his Egyptian counterpart, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Lieutenant General Osama Askar.

  6. Bilateral mechanisms: There are several mechanisms of bilateral institutional dialogue at different levels. Joint Working Groups on Cyber Issues, Counter-Terrorism, Space, Agriculture-Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Trade and Investment, Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, Health & Medicine, Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Science & Technology etc. have been institutionalized. 7 rounds of Joint Commission Meeting (JCM) have been held (Last one was held in March 2018 in New Delhi, in which an Egyptian delegation led by FM Shoukry participated.) The 9th JDC was held in Cairo in November, 2019. The 12th round of Foreign Office Consultation was held in Cairo in May 2023.

  7. Other Engagements: PM Narendra Modi held a phone conversation with President Sisi on 17th April 2020 to discuss efforts to halt the spread of the Coronavirus, and again on 26th May 2020 to exchange Eid-ul-Fitr greetings. PM expressed his appreciation for the support extended by Egyptian authorities for the safety and welfare of Indian nationals in Egypt during the COVID-19 crisis and conveyed his desire to meet President Sisi as soon as circumstances permit. President Sisi expressed sympathy and solidarity with the People and Government of India during the second wave of COVID-19, on 30th April 2021. Egypt dispatched three planes with medical supplies to India on 9th May 2021. In addition, Embassy of India also signed an agreement to procure 300,000 doses of REMDESEVIR in June-July 2021 from M/s EVA Pharma, Egypt; to supplement the supplies during the ‘delta wave’ of Covid-19 pandemic.

  8. India has also invited Egypt as a ‘Guest Country’ during its Presidency of G20. In January 2023, FM Shoukry shared a video message for the “Voice of South” Summit held under the G20 framework. Egypt's Finance Minister Dr. Mohamed Maait participated in G20 Finance Ministers’ and central Bank Governors’ meeting in February 2023 and FM Shoukry participated in G20 Foreign Ministers meeting in March 2023. Egypt’s Agriculture Minister Mohamed El-Quseir gave a recorded statement for Global Millets Conference and highlighted the importance of the event in terms of sustainable food and agricultural systems.

Economic Relations

  1. Egypt has traditionally been one of India’s most important trading partners in the African continent. The India-Egypt Bilateral Trade Agreement has been in operation since March 1978 and is based on the Most Favoured Nation clause and the bilateral trade has increased more than five times in last ten years. The bilateral trade in 2018-19 was US$ 4.55 billion. Despite Pandemic, the volume of trade declined only marginally to US $ 4.5 billion in 2019-20 and to US $ 4.15 billion in 2020-21.
  2. Bilateral trade expanded rapidly in 2021-22, amounting to 7.26 billion registering a 75% increase compared to FY 2020-21. During FY 2022-23, according to MoC, the bilateral trade has reached US$ 6.06 billion, with US$ 4.11 billion of exports from India and USD 1.95 billion worth imports to India. While our exports have increased by nearly 10%, imports decreased by nearly 45% but during April23 – June23 the bilateral trade has reached US$ 1.635 billion with 1.094 billion of exports from India and US$ 541.2 million worth imports to India.
  3. During FY 2022-23, the top Indian imports from Egypt were Petroleum products, Inorganic chemicals, and Metallic & Non-metallic compounds, Urea, Anhydrous ammonia, Natural calcium phosphates and Cotton and main items of export to Egypt from India were Petroleum products, Organic Chemicals, Rice, Buffalo meat, Cotton Yarn and Engineering goods.
  4. Wheat export from India: Russia-Ukraine conflict has threatened Egypt with a shortage for wheat, 80% of which is imported from Russia and Ukraine. On14 April 2022, Egyptian Cabinet announced inclusion of India in the list of accredited countries, which can supply wheat to Egypt, thus ending a long pending Non-Tariff Barrier. Though the ban on wheat exports in India posed a difficulty in concluding the shipment, an initial shipment of 61,500 metric tons of wheat was cleared by India for Egypt on 17th May 2022.
  5. Bilateral mechanisms are in place to facilitate trade and economic relations between India and Egypt. The Mission also assists in organizing various fora for commercial collaboration. During FY 2022-23 and Apr-Sep 2023 period, more than 700 Indian companies have participated in various trade fairs organised in Egypt. The recent one being Pharmaconex ’23, held in Sep. 2023, where 65 Indian Companies participated. During 2-5 Oct 2023, a 20 member CII delegation visited Egypt and held several successful meetings. During 5-8 Oct 2023, Confederation of Real Estate Association of India organised their 21st National Conference in Sharm El Sheikh where more than 1350 Indian delegates participated. Prime Minister Mustafa Madbouly and Minister of Trade and Industry Mr. Ahmed Samir and Ambassador Ajit Gupte participated in the India Egypt Business Forum organised on 5 Oct 2023 with members of CREDAI and CII.

 

  1. Around 50 Indian companies have invested in various sectors in Egypt with a combined investment exceeding US$ 3.3 billion. Major Indian investments in Egypt include TCI Sanmar (with the largest investment of US$ 1.5 billion), Alexandria Carbon Black, Kirloskar, Dabur India, FLEX P. FILMS, SCIB Paints, Godrej, Mahindra and Monginis. Indian companies are present in a range of sectors like apparel, agriculture, chemicals, energy, automobiles, retail and others. Overall, these companies provide direct and indirect employment to approximately 35,000 Egyptians. Indian companies like L&T and Sterling & Wilson have also executed projects in Egypt, in energy and telecom sectors. Most of these Indian companies like TCI Sanmar also have additional investments in the pipeline. In early December 2022, Indian IT Company, Tech Mahindra has also established its First Global Delivery Center in Egypt. 3 Indian companies – ReNew Power, ACME and Ocior Energy – have also signed MoUs worth USD 18 billion in the domain of green hydrogen in the latter half on 2022.
  2. Egyptian investments in India are to the tune of US$ 37 million which include ElSewedy Group (smart electrometers); KAPCI Coatings (car paints), Modern Waterproofing Group / Bitumode (waterproofing membranes and protection boards for construction industry) and 700 Apps (I.T Services).
  3. The grants-in-aid projects include: Pan Africa Tele-medicine and Tele-education project in Alexandria University, Solar electrification project in Agaween village and Vocational Training Centre for textile technology in Shoubra, Cairo, which have been completed. An IT Centre in Al Azhar University, CEIT, is also operational since February 2019.
  4. Technical cooperation and assistance have been a major part of our bilateral relationship. Since 2000, over 1600 Egyptian officials have benefited from ITEC and other programs like ICCR and IAFS scholarships. We have also organized a special course for Egyptian diplomats and a special course for LAS diplomats in 2019 and in August 2023 at SSIFS. In addition, Egyptian and LAS diplomats also participate in Professional Course for Foreign Diplomats, which we organize at SSIFS.
  5. In the field of scientific cooperation, ICAR and the Agricultural Research Center of Egypt are working in the field of agricultural research. ‘Science & Technology’ cooperation is implemented through biennial Executive Programmes and Scientific Cooperation Programme between CSIR (India) and NRC (Egypt).
  6. Space cooperation is an emerging vertical of cooperation between India and Egypt. Joint Working Group meetings and discussions between ISRO and NARSS (National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences) have been held, since an MoU was signed in 2008. With Egypt having establish EgSA (Egyptian Space Agency) in 2019, both sides have agreed on drafting a new MoU to include EgSA and cover other developments in the sector and is in process.
  7. Egypt signed the ISA framework agreement as a founding member in March 2018 and ratified it in January 2019. Egypt has also supported ISA being granted Observer Status in UNGA in mid-October 2021.

Defence Relations

  1. Egypt and India enjoy cordial defence relations. There was close cooperation between the Air Forces, with joint development of a fighter aircraft in 1960s. IAF pilots also trained Egyptian pilots from 1960s until 1984. Since 2015, there have been several high-level exchange of visits by defense delegations including the visit of the Minister of Defense of Egypt, General Sedki Sobhi, in 2017 and the visit of Minister of Defense of Indian, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, in 2018. During 2020, there was a lull due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. However, since June 2021, more than 15 defence delegations have visited Egypt, including Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari, from 28th November to 2nd December 2021. He attended the Egypt Air Power Symposium and delivered a keynote address on 'Strategic Air Intelligence in confronting new and non-organized threats. Subsequently, he visited the Egyptian Defence Exposition (EDEX). Reciprocally, Air Marshal Mohamed Abbas Helmy, Commander-in-Chief of Egyptian Air Force visited India from 04-07 July 2022. In addition to having discussions with CAS, he also called on COAS, CNS and Defence Secretary to further mutual cooperation. The EAF Chief also visited HAL at Bengaluru, Software Development Institute and Aircraft Systems and Testing Establishment (ASTE). After a gap of several years, Ministerial visits resumed in latter half of 2022, with Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh visiting Cairo from 18-21 Sep 2022. RM called on President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi and his counterpart General Mohamed Zaki. Substantive discussions on various aspects of Defense cooperation and ways to further enhance mutual exchanges were held during the meetings. An MoU on Defense Cooperation was signed on 19 Nov 2022 by both the Defense Ministers. General Manoj Pande, Chief of Army Staff visited paid an official visit to Egypt from 16-17 Sep 2023. COAS called on Lt Gen Osama Askar, Chief of Staff of Egyptian Armed Forces and discussed areas of mutual cooperation. A booklet on participation and contribution of Indian Army soldiers in Egypt during World War I & II as also released during the meeting with Lt Gen Osama Askar.
  2. Most of the current defense cooperation is determined by Joint Defense Committee (JDC) activities. JDC meetings have been held alternately in either country, followed by exchange activities. In addition, the following activities also contribute to defense cooperation:-

(a) Courses:    DSSC and NDC courses are offered on a regular basis, in which Egyptian officers are given training in India and Indian defense officers train in Egypt. Delegations from NDC, War Colleges and CDM also undertake study tours on a regular basis to Egypt.

(b) Exercises:  Egypt participated in the Multinational Training Exercise for friendly African countries held at Pune in March 2019. The first ever IAF-EAF Joint Tactical Air Exercise, Dessert Warrior, was held in Egypt from 29-31 October 2021. Two officers from Egyptian Navy participated in Multilateral Indian Naval Exercise MILAN-2022 held from 25 Feb-04 Mar 2022. For the first time, Indian Air Force participated in Tactical Leadership Program of Egyptian Air Force Weapons School from 23 Jun – 22 July 2022. The first joint exercise between Special Forces of India and Egypt titled ‘Exercise Cyclone’ was held in 14-27 Jan 2023 in India. For the first time ever, on invitation from Egyptian side, Indian Armed Forces participated in multilateral Tri-service Exercise Bright Star-2023. Indian Air Force participated with 5 x MiG-29, 01 x IL-78 flight refueling aircraft, 2 x C-17s, 2 x C-130Js and 2 x C-17 aircraft with IAF contingent. Indian army participated with an infantry company at Mohamed Naguib Military base. Special Forces troops of all three services operated from Mohamed Naguib Military base. Indian Navy also participated with INS Sumedha, a New generation Offshore Patrol vessel (NOPV) with 200 personnel onboard and operated from Alexandria Naval port. This was the largest Tri-services overseas participation by Indian Armed Forces. Air Marshal Surat Singh, Director General Air Operations along with one senior Group Captain of Indian Air Force participated in Distinguished Visitor’s day organised one the sidelines of the exercise.

(c) Ship Transits: Indian Navy Ships undertake port calls at Egyptian ports. INS TABAR (a Talwar class guided missile frigate) made a port call in Alexandria port in late-June 2021 and again in September 2021 during its return journey to India. Ships of First Training Squadron of Indian Navy (IN Ships Tir, Sujata and CGS Sarathi) called on the Red Sea Naval port of Safaga, Egypt in May 2022 as part of their five nation Overseas Deployment. Further, INS Tarangini called on at Alexandria Naval base in May 2022 and INS Kochi visited Port Safaga in late-Jun 2022 with Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet onboard. In July 2022, INS Tarkash made a port call at Alexandria. INS Tarangini executed a port call at Port Said in the month of Oct 2022 during its return journey to India. INS SUMITRA made a port call at Safaga on 31 Dec 2022- 3 Jan 2023. INS Sumedha transited through Suez made a port call at Port Said Port from 16-18 Mar 2023 and also made a port call at Port Said from 13-16 Apr 2023 during its return journey to India alongwith Indian Submarine INS Sindhuratna. INS Chennai with Fleet Commander Western Fleet onboard executed a port call at Safaga Naval Port from 20-23 Jun 2023 to commemorate International Day of Yoga (IDY-23). Yoga Session was conducted at Safaga Naval port on 21 Jun 23. INS Deepak, tanker ship, also made an Operational Turn Around (OTR) at Safaga Naval Port from 21-24 Jun 2023.

(d) Aircraft Transits:        Egypt regularly provides transit facilities to IAF and IN aircraft ferrying to/ from Russia, Europe and the USA. During Covid-19 pandemic and recent rescue operations carried out by India in earthquake-hit Turkey and Syria, Egyptian authorities provided exceptional support and facilitated transit of Indian Air Force aircraft even at short notice.

(e) Defence Exhibitions: Indian DPSUs as well as some private firms participated in the first Tri Services Defence Exhibition (EDEX-2018) organized by Egyptian Armed Forces in Cairo in December 2018. Subsequently, high-level delegations from Egypt have attended Aero India 2019 at Bangalore in February 2019 and DEFEXPO INDIA 2020 in Lucknow in February 2020. 2nd edition of Egyptian Defence Exhibition EDEX-2021 was held at Cairo in November/December 2021. 10 Indian companies and institutions, including DRDO and Defence PSUs such as HAL, BDL, BEML and Munitions India Ltd. participated in EDEX and showcased their state-of-art products. DEFEXPO-2022 was organised in Gujarat in from 18-22 October 2022 and Egyptian delegation was led by Air Vice Marshal rank officer from Egyptian Air Force. On behalf of Egyptian Ministry of Defence, a high level delegation led by Air Vice Marshal rank officer attended Aero India-2023. He was accompanied by Brigadier level rank officers and held several meetings with senior Indian Armed Forces dignitaries also with top level management of Indian defence equipment manufacturing firms.

  1. The close bonds between the defense establishments of India and Egypt was also evident when the entire Egyptian military leadership responded immediately, with condolence messages, to the tragic demise of CDS, Gen Bipin Rawat.

Cultural Relations

  1. The Maulana Azad Centre for Indian Culture (MACIC) has been promoting cultural cooperation between the two countries, through regular activities such as Hindi, Urdu and Yoga classes; seminars; film shows; exhibitions and participation in local cultural activities. In its outreach activities, MACIC also organizes India Day(s) in Egyptian Governorates and universities on a regular basis.

  2. MACIC has been organizing “Glimpses of India” painting competition for Egyptian children for the last 25 years.  An overwhelming response was received in the 2019 edition of the painting competition with record participation of 16,000 schoolchildren. Silver Jubilee celebration of the competition was held in October 2019, hosting a delegation of 12 artists from India. 26th edition of the event was held in December 2022, across 6 Governorates in Egypt with participation of over 4600 students.

 

  1. While 2019 witnessed diverse cultural activities and exchanges between India and Egypt, the activities slowed down during 2020 and first half of 2021 as well because of Covid-19 pandemic. In early December 2021, an 11-member cultural troupe, ‘Anveshana Society for Performing Arts’ visited Egypt, which was sponsored by ICCR. The troupe performed at Ismailia, Port Said, at India-Bangladesh Maitri Diwas celebrations at Baron Palace in Cairo and at Sayed Darwish Theatre, Alexandria. In mid-August 2022, ICCR sponsored Kathak troupe also visited Egypt and performed in ‘India House’ on the occasion of 76th Independence Day and later in Alexandria on 16th August 2022, Port Said on 17th August 2022 and at Citadel Festival of International Music, Cairo on 18th August 2022.

  2. Yoga has gained immense popularity in Egypt. IDY was celebrated with much vigor in 2022; yoga events were held in Alexandria (on 12th June 2022), and for the first time, in Sharm Al-Sheikh (on 14th June 2022), Hurghada (on 18th June 2022) and Luxor (on 19th June 2022) as run-up to the IDY celebrations held on 21st June 2022 in Al-Azhar Park in Cairo. The main event in Cairo was inaugurated by the Minister for Sports Ashraf Sobhi. As part of International Day of Yoga 2023 MACIC organised yoga events at Ismailia, Al Horreya Park and Asmarat (Cairo).

  3. In the run up to 75th Indian Independence Day on 15th August 2021, MACIC organized various events as a part of AKAM celebration. The Embassy also illuminated the iconic Cairo Tower (which is the tallest tower in North Africa) with Indian National Flag in the evening of 15th August 2021. This was the first time ever that Cairo Tower had been lit with Indian tricolor. The Embassy also organized various activities as part of AKAM celebrations, including ‘Bollywood Music and Dance Evening’, Cycle Rally, tree-plantation drive etc. On 26th January 2022, the Republic Day was also celebrated on a large scale with over 300 participants. The Mission also celebrated 76th Independence Day on 15th August 2022 with enthusiastic participation of over 350 community members, students and Egyptian friends of India. On 19th January 2023, the Mission organized Republic Day reception, which was attended by Egypt’s Minister of Culture Dr. Nevine Youssef El-Kilani, Minister of Public Enterprises Dr. Mahmoud Esmat as well as Minister of Civil Aviation Mohamed Abbas Helmy, in addition to over 300 dignitaries from diplomatic community, think-tanks, entertainment industry etc. Republic Day was celebrated in the Embassy premises with enthusiastic participation of over 300 community members, students and Egyptian friends of India on 26th January 2023.

 

  1. Embassy of India, in cooperation with the Embassy of Bangladesh in Cairo, celebrated ‘India-Bangladesh Maitri Diwas’ in a spectacular fashion at Baron Place (designed and built in early 20th century by Belgian architect, Alexandre Marcel, inspired mostly by the Hindu temples of South India) on 06 December 2021. Ms. Ghada Shalaby, Egypt's Vice Minister for Tourism was the Chief Guest of the event, which was attended by more 200 dignitaries from diplomatic community, think-tanks and academic circles, entertainment industry etc.

 

  1. 75th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between India and Egypt is being celebrated from 18th August 2022 onwards. The Government of Egypt released a postage stamp to celebrate the event and the Embassy issued a Press Release on 18th August 2022. The Embassy also organized a Photo Exhibition on India-Egypt relations and hosted a reception for dignitaries on 30th August 2022.

 

  1. A Qawwali troupe from India participated in the 15th edition of International Samaa' festival for Spiritual Music and Chanting, which was inaugurated on 17th September 2022. India was invited as a Guest of Honor, alongside Canada.

Indian Community 

  1. At present, the Indian community in Egypt numbers at around 4000, most of whom are concentrated in Cairo. There are also a small number of families in Alexandria, Port Said and Ismailia. A majority of the Indians are either employed with Indian companies or are professionals with various multinationals. The Mission provides assistance to the Indian Community Association in Egypt (ICAE) as well as the Egypt Chapter of World Malayali Federation (WMF) and works closely with members of the community. About 976 Indian students are studying in Egypt, mainly in Al Azhar University with around 450 students, Ain Shams Medical University with around 250 students and Cairo University with around 276 students.

September 2023

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